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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /usr/share/mediawiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 579 http://localhost/mediawiki/index.php?title=History_of_%C2%B5SR&diff=755&oldid=prevJess at 19:01, 4 September 20222022-09-04T19:01:13Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:01, 4 September 2022</td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Origins of &micro;SR===</div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Origins of &micro;SR===</div></td>
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<td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Muons were [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">musr</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ca</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">musr/cap/musrorig.htm</del> first discovered] in the 1930's and their true nature was learned in the 1940's, when they also found their first use as probes of magnetism in matter by [http://musr.ca/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/musr/cap/rasetti.htm Rasetti]. However, the [http://musr.ca/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/musr/cap/pureappl.htm story of &micro;SR] really begins with a subtle revolution in theoretical physics. In 1956 and 1957, T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang </div></td>
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<td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Muons were [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">en</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wikipedia.org</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wiki</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Muon#History</ins> first discovered] in the 1930's and their true nature was learned in the 1940's, when they also found their first use as probes of magnetism in matter by [http://musr.ca/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~jess</ins>/musr/cap/rasetti.htm Rasetti]. However, the [http://musr.ca/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~jess</ins>/musr/cap/pureappl.htm story of &micro;SR] really begins with a subtle revolution in theoretical physics. In 1956 and 1957, T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang </div></td>
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<td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>predicted that any process governed by the weak nuclear interaction might not have a corresponding "[http://musr.ca/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/musr/cap/pidk.htm mirror image]"' process </div></td>
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<td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>predicted that any process governed by the weak nuclear interaction might not have a corresponding "[http://musr.ca/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~jess</ins>/musr/cap/pidk.htm mirror image]"' process </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>of equal probability. Before they proposed this resolution of the "tau-theta puzzle" </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>of equal probability. Before they proposed this resolution of the "tau-theta puzzle" </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>(involving the decay modes of electrically neutral strange particles now known as "kaons"), [Fitch and Cronin, 1981] it was firmly believed by the physics community </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>(involving the decay modes of electrically neutral strange particles now known as "kaons"), [Fitch and Cronin, 1981] it was firmly believed by the physics community </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>At almost the same time, however, experiments were performed at the Nevis cyclotron by R.L. Garwin, L.M. Lederman and M. Weinrich [Garwin ''et al.'', 1957] and at the Chicago cyclotron by J.I. Friedman and V.L. Telegdi [Friedman and Telegdi, 1957] which showed a dramatic effect in the decay of pions to muons and the subsequent decay of muons to electrons and neutrinos. The Nevis experiment was the precursor of modern &micro;SR. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>At almost the same time, however, experiments were performed at the Nevis cyclotron by R.L. Garwin, L.M. Lederman and M. Weinrich [Garwin ''et al.'', 1957] and at the Chicago cyclotron by J.I. Friedman and V.L. Telegdi [Friedman and Telegdi, 1957] which showed a dramatic effect in the decay of pions to muons and the subsequent decay of muons to electrons and neutrinos. The Nevis experiment was the precursor of modern &micro;SR. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Of these famous measurements confirming the hypothesis of Lee and Yang, [Lee and Yang, 1957], one also suggested that ''P''-nonconservation in <math>\pi \to \mu \to e</math> decay might furnish a sensitive general-purpose probe of matter. The history of &micro;SR began with that experiment ([http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i4/p1415_1 Garwin ''et al.'', 1957]), which used an [http://musr.ca/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/musr/cap/57glw2.htm experimental method] similar to the most common and familiar of modern &micro;SR techniques: transverse field [http://musr.ca/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/musr/cap/tf-musr.htm (TF)-&micro;SR]. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Of these famous measurements confirming the hypothesis of Lee and Yang, [Lee and Yang, 1957], one also suggested that ''P''-nonconservation in <math>\pi \to \mu \to e</math> decay might furnish a sensitive general-purpose probe of matter. The history of &micro;SR began with that experiment ([http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i4/p1415_1 Garwin ''et al.'', 1957]), which used an [http://musr.ca/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~jess</ins>/musr/cap/57glw2.htm experimental method] similar to the most common and familiar of modern &micro;SR techniques: transverse field [http://musr.ca/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~jess</ins>/musr/cap/tf-musr.htm (TF)-&micro;SR]. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===[http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/1957-73.htm 1957-1973]: The Formative Years of &micro;SR===</div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===[http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/1957-73.htm 1957-1973]: The Formative Years of &micro;SR===</div></td>
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<td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Were it not for the enthusiasm with which muons were used in history's most rigourous test of [http://musr.ca/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intro</del>/musr/cap/qed-big3.htm ''QED''] (quantum electrodynamics), &micro;SR would probably not exist today. These Herculean feats (especially the CERN "''g''-2" experiment, which was recently repeated by Vernon Hughes ''et al''. at even ''higher'' precision!) not only produced the basic experimental apparatus and techniques needed to perform the first &micro;SR experiments, but generated the original interest in doing them -- in order to explain the subtle environmental effects confounding the fundamental measurements that were the primary objective. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Were it not for the enthusiasm with which muons were used in history's most rigourous test of [http://musr.ca/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~jess</ins>/musr/cap/qed-big3.htm ''QED''] (quantum electrodynamics), &micro;SR would probably not exist today. These Herculean feats (especially the CERN "''g''-2" experiment, which was recently repeated by Vernon Hughes ''et al''. at even ''higher'' precision!) not only produced the basic experimental apparatus and techniques needed to perform the first &micro;SR experiments, but generated the original interest in doing them -- in order to explain the subtle environmental effects confounding the fundamental measurements that were the primary objective. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Many people pursued these "sidelines" to discover that those annoying complications were in fact interesting areas of study in their own right, often ones for which the muon was either the best or the only available probe. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Many people pursued these "sidelines" to discover that those annoying complications were in fact interesting areas of study in their own right, often ones for which the muon was either the best or the only available probe. </div></td>
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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /usr/share/mediawiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 579 http://localhost/mediawiki/index.php?title=History_of_%C2%B5SR&diff=546&oldid=prevWikiSysop: /* Pulsed Muons */2022-08-20T01:11:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pulsed Muons</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:11, 20 August 2022</td>
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<td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The three continuous-beam (CW or DC) meson factories were joined in the 1980s and 1990s by two important new ''pulsed'' accelerators: the ''[http://msl-www.kek.jp/index_en.html Meson Science Lab]'' of the '''[http://www.kek.jp/kek/IMG/BSF.html BOOM]''' (''BOOster Muon'') facility at '''[http://www.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html KEK]''' in Tsukuba, Japan, and the ''[http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/muons/ &micro;SR Facility]'' of '''[http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/ ISIS]''' at '''RAL''' (the ''Rutherford Appleton Laboratory'', also known as '''[http://www.clrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC]''') in the UK. The main difference between CW and pulsed &micro;SR is that in the latter case a large number of muons arrive at (approximately) the same time, whereas in CW &micro;SR there is literally only one muon in the sample at a time. (If a second muon arrives before the first one has decayed, it is difficult to know which one produces any subsequent positron, and any such event must be rejected.) In principle, this gives pulsed facilities an enormous advantage in ''rate'', although actually ''counting'' a large number of positrons all at once requires expensive subdivision of detectors. Meanwhile, the muons arrive only ''approximately'' simultaneously -- the beam pulse is typically a few dozen ns wide -- which gives CW muon beams a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">si</del></div></td>
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<td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The three continuous-beam (CW or DC) meson factories were joined in the 1980s and 1990s by two important new ''pulsed'' accelerators: the ''[http://msl-www.kek.jp/index_en.html Meson Science Lab]'' of the '''[http://www.kek.jp/kek/IMG/BSF.html BOOM]''' (''BOOster Muon'') facility at '''[http://www.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html KEK]''' in Tsukuba, Japan, and the ''[http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/muons/ &micro;SR Facility]'' of '''[http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/ ISIS]''' at '''RAL''' (the ''Rutherford Appleton Laboratory'', also known as '''[http://www.clrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC]''') in the UK. The main difference between CW and pulsed &micro;SR is that in the latter case a large number of muons arrive at (approximately) the same time, whereas in CW &micro;SR there is literally only one muon in the sample at a time. (If a second muon arrives before the first one has decayed, it is difficult to know which one produces any subsequent positron, and any such event must be rejected.) In principle, this gives pulsed facilities an enormous advantage in ''rate'', although actually ''counting'' a large number of positrons all at once requires expensive subdivision of detectors. Meanwhile, the muons arrive only ''approximately'' simultaneously -- the beam pulse is typically a few dozen ns wide -- which gives CW muon beams a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">significant advantage in time resolution. More will be said about this later. </ins></div></td>
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<td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A new pulsed muon facility will be included in the '''[http://jkj.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/index-e.html J-PARC]''' (''Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex'') laboratory now under construction in Tokai, Japan, where first beam is anticipated in 2007 or 2008.</div></td>
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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /usr/share/mediawiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 579 http://localhost/mediawiki/index.php?title=History_of_%C2%B5SR&diff=545&oldid=prevWikiSysop: Created page with "Introduction to µSR --> here ---- ===Origins of µSR=== Muons were [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/musrorig.htm first discovered] in the 1930's and their true..."2022-08-20T01:08:30Z<p>Created page with "<a href="/mediawiki/index.php/Introduction_to_%C2%B5SR" title="Introduction to µSR">Introduction to µSR</a> --> here ---- ===Origins of µSR=== Muons were [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/musrorig.htm first discovered] in the 1930's and their true..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[Introduction to &micro;SR]] --> here<br />
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===Origins of &micro;SR===<br />
<br />
Muons were [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/musrorig.htm first discovered] in the 1930's and their true nature was learned in the 1940's, when they also found their first use as probes of magnetism in matter by [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/rasetti.htm Rasetti]. However, the [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/pureappl.htm story of &micro;SR] really begins with a subtle revolution in theoretical physics. In 1956 and 1957, T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang <br />
predicted that any process governed by the weak nuclear interaction might not have a corresponding "[http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/pidk.htm mirror image]"' process <br />
of equal probability. Before they proposed this resolution of the "tau-theta puzzle" <br />
(involving the decay modes of electrically neutral strange particles now known as "kaons"), [Fitch and Cronin, 1981] it was firmly believed by the physics community <br />
that if a reaction were viewed in a mirror, the mirror image was ''a priori'' just as likely to occur as the original process -- a principle known as ''parity'' (''P'') ''symmetry''. <br />
<br />
Although ''P'' "violation" was first observed in kaon decay, credit for its experimental discovery is usually given to C.S. Wu ''et al.'', [Wu ''et al.'', 1957] <br />
who confirmed its existence in the beta-decay of <sup>60</sup>Co. <br />
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At almost the same time, however, experiments were performed at the Nevis cyclotron by R.L. Garwin, L.M. Lederman and M. Weinrich [Garwin ''et al.'', 1957] and at the Chicago cyclotron by J.I. Friedman and V.L. Telegdi [Friedman and Telegdi, 1957] which showed a dramatic effect in the decay of pions to muons and the subsequent decay of muons to electrons and neutrinos. The Nevis experiment was the precursor of modern &micro;SR. <br />
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Of these famous measurements confirming the hypothesis of Lee and Yang, [Lee and Yang, 1957], one also suggested that ''P''-nonconservation in <math>\pi \to \mu \to e</math> decay might furnish a sensitive general-purpose probe of matter. The history of &micro;SR began with that experiment ([http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i4/p1415_1 Garwin ''et al.'', 1957]), which used an [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/57glw2.htm experimental method] similar to the most common and familiar of modern &micro;SR techniques: transverse field [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/tf-musr.htm (TF)-&micro;SR]. <br />
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===[http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/1957-73.htm 1957-1973]: The Formative Years of &micro;SR===<br />
<br />
Were it not for the enthusiasm with which muons were used in history's most rigourous test of [http://musr.ca/intro/musr/cap/qed-big3.htm ''QED''] (quantum electrodynamics), &micro;SR would probably not exist today. These Herculean feats (especially the CERN "''g''-2" experiment, which was recently repeated by Vernon Hughes ''et al''. at even ''higher'' precision!) not only produced the basic experimental apparatus and techniques needed to perform the first &micro;SR experiments, but generated the original interest in doing them -- in order to explain the subtle environmental effects confounding the fundamental measurements that were the primary objective. <br />
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Many people pursued these "sidelines" to discover that those annoying complications were in fact interesting areas of study in their own right, often ones for which the muon was either the best or the only available probe. <br />
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These early experimental programs were pursued at a variety of (by today's standards) low intensity accelerators such as the Nevis and Chicago cyclotrons, the 184 inch Synchrocyclotron at Berkeley, the similar machines at JINR (Dubna) and Gattchina in Russia, the CERN SC in Geneva and the SREL cyclotron in Virginia. <br />
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===The Meson Factories===<br />
<br />
In the early 1970's new high-intensity, intermediate-energy accelerators were built at laboratories in Villigen (just outside Zurich), Switzerland, Los Alamos, NM, USA and Vancouver, BC, Canada. These new "meson factories" produced virtually no mesons heavier than the pion, but they produced pions (and therefore muons) in unprecedented <br />
numbers -- several orders of magnitude more than previous sources -- and, in doing so, ushered in a new era of exponential growth in the techniques and applications of &micro;SR. These three laboratories were known respectively as '''SIN''' (''Schweizerisches Institut fur Nuklearforschung'', since renamed the ''Paul Scherrer Institut'' or '''[http://www.psi.ch PSI]'''), '''LAMPF''' (the ''Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility'', now no longer involved in &micro;SR) and '''[http://www.triumf.info TRIUMF]''' (the ''TRI-University Meson Facility'', a joint venture of various CAnadian Universitites). <br />
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===Pulsed Muons===<br />
<br />
The three continuous-beam (CW or DC) meson factories were joined in the 1980s and 1990s by two important new ''pulsed'' accelerators: the ''[http://msl-www.kek.jp/index_en.html Meson Science Lab]'' of the '''[http://www.kek.jp/kek/IMG/BSF.html BOOM]''' (''BOOster Muon'') facility at '''[http://www.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html KEK]''' in Tsukuba, Japan, and the ''[http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/muons/ &micro;SR Facility]'' of '''[http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/ ISIS]''' at '''RAL''' (the ''Rutherford Appleton Laboratory'', also known as '''[http://www.clrc.ac.uk/ CCLRC]''') in the UK. The main difference between CW and pulsed &micro;SR is that in the latter case a large number of muons arrive at (approximately) the same time, whereas in CW &micro;SR there is literally only one muon in the sample at a time. (If a second muon arrives before the first one has decayed, it is difficult to know which one produces any subsequent positron, and any such event must be rejected.) In principle, this gives pulsed facilities an enormous advantage in ''rate'', although actually ''counting'' a large number of positrons all at once requires expensive subdivision of detectors. Meanwhile, the muons arrive only ''approximately'' simultaneously -- the beam pulse is typically a few dozen ns wide -- which gives CW muon beams a si</div>WikiSysop Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in /usr/share/mediawiki/includes/libs/objectcache/MediumSpecificBagOStuff.php on line 893
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