BELIEVE   ME   NOT!    -     A   SKEPTIC's   GUIDE  

. . . outlet.21.1
In Europe the standard is 50 Hz.
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. . . form21.2
Here $\Re$ signifies "the real part of" a complex quantity like $e^{i \theta} = \cos \theta + i \sin \theta$. The imaginary part is written (e.g.) $\Im \; e^{i \theta} = \sin \theta$.
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. . . part.21.3
Let me know if you invent an imaginary voltmeter!
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. . . $\pi/2$.21.4
There are many ways of remembering this phase relationship; I am not particularly fond of " ${\cal E}LI$ the $IC{\cal E}$ Man" because it refers only to the current and voltage in individual circuit elements and it has no explanatory aspect whatsoever. I prefer to think of it this way: when the current starts flowing there is immediately a voltage drop across the resistor, but it takes a while to charge up the capacitor, so it lags behind; the inductance, on the other hand, "fights" the establishment of a current in the first place, so it is ahead of the current. Use whatever works for you.
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. . . supply,21.5
Please forgive my anthropomorphization of circuit elements; these metaphors help me remember their "behaviour".
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. . . voltage21.6
The imaginary voltage component doesn't generate any power.
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. . . current21.7
Neither does the imaginary part of the current.
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. . . is21.8
I have used ${\displaystyle {1 \over x + i y} = {x - i y \over x^2 + y^2} }$ to obtain the real part of $1/R_{\rm eff}$.
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. . . circuit.21.9
Expressing the average power dissipation in this form allows one to think of an AC circuit "on average" as a sort of DC circuit with the power factor R/Z as a "fudge factor".
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Jess H. Brewer
2002-03-16